- Rheumatic heart disease
- Rupture of chordae
- Rupture of the papillary muscles
- Bicuspid valve
- Prolapse of the valve - Marfans and other connective tissue diseases
- Perforation - infection, vegetations
- Volume overload of LV
- Annular dilatation
- Dilatational cardiomyopathy
Anaesthetic goals:
- Maintain adequate preload
- Maintain higher heart rate (>90/min)
- Maintain sinus rhythm
- Avoid increases in the SVR
- Avoid myocardial depression.
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